The risks listed out for the country (apart from the obvious one of infrastructure) are
- Economic Impact of demographics - Will we really be able to cash in on the so-called demographic dividend. This will require a huge investment into education (some articles envisage around 10%-12% of GDP). This invesment will have to be largely focused on primary education (say around 6% of GDP), followed by vocational education (say another 3% of GDP) and finally around higher education (Engg, Medicine, MBA, Other degrees - another 2%-3% of GDP). Unfortunately the current education minister is more interested in the least important of these three aspects of education. This also implies a quick change to India's current labour laws. India's antiquated labour laws, if re-written can even solve our terrorism issues and maoist worries (more on this in a related article).
- Loss of fresh water sources - I envisage this to be the single-largest issue in the coming 5-10 years. With global warming, the snow isnt falling in the high mountains. What makes it worse is that the available snow is melting faster too. With a population which continues to grow at 1.5% this remains an unaddressed issue.
- Economic crisis/Oil Price shocks - A perfect opportunity to quickly ramp up any investment in public transport infrastructure within urban agglomerations and roads infrastructure connecting the urban centres with the rural areas.
- The negative impacts of globalisation in the developed world - will protectionism be back? I dont think this is likely to impact India in the short-to-medium term. Protectionism will do more harm to the developed world than to India. Besides growing south-south trade should solve this issue to a large extent.
- Climate change - Huge impact, perhaps the single largest threat to India's potential. I dont see much possible here given the huge population pressure on the limited resources. I envisage huge strife here for the country.
- Infectious diseases - Fairly substantial risk from threats like AIDS given India's huge (700 million under 30 yrs) youth population. Again not sure what governance can do in this regard. There must be some awareness of the issue, but is it preventable? I feel, providing gainful employment to the youth, giving a meaning to their lives, is a possible solution of engaging with them in this as well.
All in all, a fairly credible list with 3 very key ones in it. Something I feel has been missed out in this list is the fact that the demographic dividend comes with a time limit. The 700 million strong under 30yrs population of India will be approaching 50 in 25 yrs time. What then? I also feel that the birth rates will decline dramatically as more and more of these youth commit themselves heavily into building something for themselves and getting ahead. No children will be a small price to pay for this achievement. The only caveat here is that this decline in birth rates is expected to be fairly uneven in India - likely to be higher in states with better performances on education and gender equality (read south) and insignificant in poor, male dominant, uneducated states (read north). This would lead to the northern states becoming India's own version of eastern Europe continuing to provide labour to the better developed south of the country.
